托福听力2类主旨题型提问形式和应试策略解读
托福听力中涉及到听力素材主旨的题型在考试中的出现频率很高，每场考试都会遇到几题。今天小编给大家带来了托福听力2类主旨题型提问形式和应试策略解读，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力2类主旨题型提问形式和应试策略解读
一、内容主旨题
内容主旨题要求考生理解讲座或对话的主旨大意。材料有时会明确提出主旨，有时则会很含蓄。内容主旨题会要求考生对听到的信息进行归纳总结。
内容主旨题的典型问法如下：
What problem does the man have?
What arethe speakers mainly discussing?
What is the main topic of the lecture?
What is the lecture mainly about?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
应试策略
1、内容主旨题考查的是讲座或对话的总体内容，因此排除那些只涉及局部听力材料的选项。
2、利用笔记。根据手中的笔记，确定与笔记的相关细节最为贴切的主题，选择与这个主题最接近的选项。
二、目的主旨题
有些主旨题考查的是对话或讲座的目的而非内容。此类问题较有可能出现在对话中，但偶尔也会出现在讲座中。
目的主旨题的典型问法如下：
Why doesthe student visit the professor?
Why doesthe student visit the registrar's office?
Why didthe professor ask to see the student?
Why doesthe professor explain X?
应试策略
1、学生去办公室找教授可以出于各种目的，包括教授邀请学生来办公室讨论其作业的完成情况等。回答目的主旨题时，考生应在自己的笔记中寻找信息以明确学生去找教授的最初目的是什么。
2、对话的目的并不总是跟对话的主要内容相关。例如，学生可能抱着询问评分政策的目的去拜访教授，在回答完学生的问题之后，教授也许会顺便问学生研究项目的进展情况，之后的对话内容就会与这个项目相关了。
3、在学生服务的对话中，学生经常试图解决一个问题。理解学生的问题所在及其解决办法将有助于考生回答目的主旨题。
2020托福听力练习：人耳听到的声音优于CD品质
Jay Z's "Tidal" platform promises listeners CD-quality streaming music, in all its 44.1 kilohertz, 16 bit glory—much better, they say, than compressed files, like mp3s. But why stop there? Neil Young's PonoMusic Store sells music that's even better than CD quality.
In a YouTube video for the service Young compares mp3 listeners to scuba divers, muddling around the seafloor. "You know you're walking around in the murk and there's big fish down there, that's kind of like listening to an mp3."
CD listeners are underwater, too. The only way to rise to the top, he says, is to dial up sample rate to over four times that of CD: to 192 kilohertz. "When you make it to 192, you actually break through the surface, and you're breathing air. And the feeling is different, it actually is a visceral relief. You feel good."
But… how good? What researchers, record producers, audiophiles, sound engineers, want to know is: "Is CD, compact disc, enough?" Joshua Reiss (RICE), who leads audio engineering research at Queen Mary University of London. "And the arguments seem to be never-ending."
Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis—a study of studies—on whether people can really perceive better-than-CD quality sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400 participants and nearly 13,000 listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than-CD-quality track 52.3 percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not all that impressive.
But when Reiss isolated studies that trained listeners first and gave them a chance to feast their ears on the difference, their odds of picking the higher-quality track climbed to 60 percent. Suggesting there may actually be some perceptible difference... at least enough to convince Reiss to change his listening habits. "Yes I think I actually will, based on this." The analysis is in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society.
Not that it will settle all arguments. "No, no never. But what I think it might do is allow the researchers to move on a little bit from this question and to start looking deeper into the causes of the perception." And for the audiophiles out there? It's no doubt music to their ears.
Jay Z的“潮汐”平台承诺为听众提供CD品质的流媒体音乐，44.1千赫，16比特，他们说这比mp3等压缩文件的品质更高。但是为什么要停在这里?尼尔·杨的波诺音乐商店出售的音乐品质甚至比CD品质更高。
杨在上传到优兔网上的视频中，将mp3听众比作漫游在海底的水肺潜水员。“你知道你正在黑暗中漫步，周围有大鱼游来游去，这就像在听mp3。”
CD收听者也在海底。他说，唯一可以升到海面的方法是把采样率调到CD的4倍以上：调至192赫兹。“当你把采样率调至192赫兹时，你就冲破了海面，可以呼吸到空气了。这种感觉很不同，就像发自内心的解脱。你感觉非常好。”
但是，有多好呢?研究人员、唱片制作人、音响发烧友和音响师想知道的是：CD的品质足够吗?约书亚·赖斯在伦敦玛丽女王大学主导了一项音频工程研究。“争论似乎永远不会停止。”
赖斯试图用整合分析来解决争论，他对人们是否能感知到比CD品质更好的音乐进行了研究。他分析了18项研究中得到的数据，包括400余名参与者和近1300个听力测试。总体来说，收听者辨别出优于CD品质音乐的概率为52.3%。从统计学意义上看，并不是全部都令人印象深刻。
但是当赖斯把研究分离出来，先对收听者进行培训，给他们的耳朵享受不同音乐的机会以后，他们辨别出高品质音乐的机率上升到60%。这表明可能存在显著的差别，至少可以说服赖斯去改变他的收听习惯。“基于此，我认为我会改变我的收听习惯。”这一分析结果刊登在《音频工程学会志》上。
这一研究结果并不能解决所有争论。“永远不会。但是我认为这可能会让研究人员从这个问题转向另一个问题，开始深入研究感知原因。”这对音响发烧友来说意味着什么?毫无疑问，这对他们来说绝对是好消息。
重点讲解：
1. break through 冲破;突破;
例句：The sun broke through after days of rain.
下了许多天的雨之后，太阳终于拨云而出。
2. take a stab at 尝试;试图;
例句：He took a stab at forecasting.
他尝试进行预测。
3. pick out 辨认出;分辨出;
例句：The detective-constable picked out the words with difficulty.
探警费力地辨认出这些文字。
4. no doubt 无疑地;必定;
例句：She has no doubt as to the correctness of her own estimate.
她对自己所作估计的正确性确信无疑。
5. music to one's ears 悦耳的声音;佳音;中听的话;
例句：Popular support—it's music to the ears of any politician.
大众的支持对任何一名政界人士来说都是佳音。
2020托福听力练习：人工养殖鳟鱼以满足食用需求
Half of all fish people eat worldwide now come from fish farms. So farms need to do more to keep up with demand.
"If we look to the future, at today's per capita fish intake around the world we would need to double aquaculture production."
Ron Hardy is the University of Idaho's Director of Aquaculture Research. He presented his research at the recent International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Sun Valley, Idaho, which he also chaired.
In the wild, rainbow trout eat insects and other, smaller fish. But Hardy says there aren't enough little fish to feed larger fish in the wild and still meet market demand as the human population increases. So he's used selective breeding to create strains of farmed fish that get by on food that's less expensive than little fish—feed made from soybeans, corn and wheat.
Some of the farmed fish really thrive: 16 years ago, Hardy had to wait a year for a one-pound trout. These days, his efforts yield trout up to four times as large in the same amount of time.
"So, it would be kind of like if you were going to breed dogs. So we've got everything from Rottweilers to little Scotties or whatever."
But the farmed fish are not completely vegetarian.
"Soybeans don't have skeletons, they don't have bones and the bones in fish meal are a major source of minerals for the fish, for example."
And much like humans, fish diets require omega-3 fatty acids, not found in terrestrial plants. So Hardy has to add a little fish-oil back into the plant-based feed. For those of us without waders, this kind of aquaculture is our best shot at a fish fry.
现在全世界人们食用的鱼中，有一半来自养鱼场。所以，养鱼场要做更多来满足人们的需求。
“如果我们放眼未来，以目前世界人均鱼类摄入量来看，我们需要加倍水产养殖。”
罗恩·哈迪是爱达荷大学水产养殖研究所所长。他主持了近期在爱达荷州太阳谷举行的世界鱼类营养与饲料学术研讨会，并发表了他的研究成果。
在野生环境中，虹鳟鱼以昆虫和其它小型鱼类为食。但是哈迪表示，由于人类人口不断增长，野生环境中没有足够的小型鱼类既供大型鱼类食用，又满足市场需求。所以，他采用选择育种的方法培育出几种养殖鱼品种，这些品种依靠花费少于小型鱼类的食物生存，比如大豆、玉米和小麦等。
一些养殖鱼茁壮成长：16年以前，哈迪想得到一只一磅重的鳟鱼，必须要等一年的时间。而现在，他的努力使鳟鱼的产量在同样的时间内翻了四倍。
“所以，这就像培育狗一样。我们可以得到罗德维拉犬，也可以得到小型Scotties犬。”
但是养殖鱼并不是完全的素食鱼。
“大豆中不含骨骼，不含骨头，而骨头是鱼类饮食中矿物质的主要来源。”
与人类很像，鱼饲料也需要欧米伽-3脂肪酸，但它并不存在于陆生植物中。所以哈迪必须要在植物性饲料中加一些鱼油。对于我们这种没有钓鱼用连靴裤的人来说，这种水产养殖是我们能享用到炸鱼的最佳选择。
重点讲解：
1. keep up with 跟上(变化等);跟上(活儿、人等);
例句：Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.
为了把活儿干完，彭妮常常午饭时间也要工作。
2. look to 展望，思考(将来发生的事);
例句：Looking to the future, though, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.
不过，展望未来，我们问到他研制出防止感染的疫苗究竟有多大的可能性。
3. get by 勉强过活;勉强应付;
例句：He gets by on very little money.
他靠著很少的钱过日子。
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