TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析

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托福阅读长难句1

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chineseand the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulosepulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward.(TPO34, 62)

cellulose /'seljʊləʊz/ n. 纤维素

pulp /pʌlp/ n. 果肉;纸浆

extract /ɪk'strækt/ vt. 取出，拔出;压出, 榨出(汁液等);选录，摘录

suspend /sə'spend/ vt. 悬挂或吊起某物;使(某物)悬浮;使(某事物)暂停

screen n. (筛煤﹑ 砾石等的)筛子

flexible /'flɛksəbl/ adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的， 有弹性的

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners (capturedin a battle)(fought near Samarqand)(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751), and the technique of papermaking - (in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets) - slowly spread westward.(TPO34, 62)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干是：

It has been said that + 从句

从句的主干是：

Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners and the technique of papermaking slowly spread westward

修饰一：(captured in a battle)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰the prisoners

中文：在战争中被俘

修饰二：(fought near Samarqand)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰battle

中文：在撒马尔罕附近

修饰三：(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751)，介词短语

中文：在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间

修饰四：(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of severalplants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets)，从句，修饰the technique of papermaking

注意：从句里面还有一个非谓语动词修饰cellulosepulp

cellulose pulp (extracted from any ofseveral plants) is first suspended in water

中文：首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

据说在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间，在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸匠被虏成为囚犯，这样造纸术(首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张)才缓慢向西方传播。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、介词短语和从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句2

For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways. (TPO37, 50)

beam /biːm/ n. 梁

skeleton /'skɛlɪtn/ n. 骨骼，骨架

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

(For example), (in traditional architecture), stone or brick walls served a structural role, but (in a steel-beam building) the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, (which meant) (that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.) (TPO37, 50)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干：

stone or brick walls served a structural role, but the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams

修饰一：(For example) ，介词短语

中文：例如

修饰二：(in traditional architecture) ，介词短语

中文：在传统建筑设计中

修饰三：(in a steel-beam building) ，介词短语

中文：在钢梁的建筑中

修饰四：(which meant) ，从句

中文：意味着

修饰五：(that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.) ，从句

中文：墙和角落不再需要是实心的而是以一种意外的方式能够打开

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

例如，在传统的建筑设计中，石头墙或砖墙起到了结构性作用，但在钢梁的建筑中，墙本质上是悬挂在钢梁的内在骨架上，这意味着墙和角落不再需要是实心的而是以一种意外的方式能够打开。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句3

Anaximander,observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar, was probably the first of the Greek philosophers to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth--an idea that, elaborated upon later, would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century.(TPO37, 46)

polestarn. 北极星

sphere /sfɪə/ n. 球体，球形;范围;社会阶层，社会地位

elaborate/ɪ'læbəret/ v. 详尽解释或说明，详细制定

prevail /prɪ'veɪl/ v. 流行，盛行

advent /'ædvənt/ n. 来临，到来

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

Anaximander, (observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar), was probably the first of the Greek philosophers (to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth)--(an idea) (that, (elaborated upon later), would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century).(TPO37, 46)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干：

Anaximander was probably the first of the Greek philosophers

修饰一：(observing the motions of the heavens around the polestar) ，

非谓语动词

中文：观察围绕北极星运动的天体

修饰二：(to picture the sky as sphere completely surrounding Earth) ，非谓语动词

中文：把天空描绘成完全围绕地球的球体

修饰三：(an idea) ，同位语

中文：一个想法

修饰四：(elaborated upon later) ，非谓语动词

中文：后来被详细阐述

修饰五：(that would prevail until the advent of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century) ，从句，修饰idea

中文：会流行到17世纪科技革命的到来。

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

Anaximander(一直观察围绕北极星运动的天体)可能是第一个希腊哲学家把天空描绘成完全围绕地球的球体——这个想法(后来被详细阐述)会流行到17世纪科技革命的到来。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词以及同位语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句4

The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modem use of the term suggests to us). (TPO40, 54)

tyranny /'tɪrəni/ n. 残暴，专横，专制

interim /'ɪntərɪm/ adj. 临时的，暂时的

ruthless /'ruːθlɪs/ adj. 无怜悯心的，残忍的

dictator /dɪk'teɪtə/ n. 独裁者;霸道的人，爱发号施令者

rule n. 统治，管理

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened (during the rest of the century) (by the rise of a type of government) (known as a tyranny), (which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman) (not rule (by a ruthless dictator) (as the modem use of the term suggests to us)).(TPO40, 54)

托福阅读长难句100句解析：

这个句子的主干就是：

The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened

修饰一：(during the rest of the century) ，介词短语

中文：在这个世纪剩余的时间里

修饰二：(by the rise of a type ofgovernment)，介词短语

中文：一种类型政府的崛起

修饰三：(known as a tyranny) ，非谓语动词

中文：称之为专制

修饰四：(which is a form of interim ruleby a popular strongman) ，从句

中文：它是被一个铁腕人物暂时管理的一种形式

修饰五：(by a ruthless dictator) ，介词短语

中文：通过一个无情的独裁者

修饰六：(as the modem use of the termsuggests to us)，从句

中文：正如现在使用这个词表明的那样

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

在这个世纪剩余的时间里，雅典贵族的力量由于专制政府——它是被一个铁腕人物暂时管理的一种形式(不是我们现在使用这个词表明的那样是由一个无情的独裁者统治)——的兴起进一步削弱了。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、介词短语和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句5

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of whichall citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. (TPO40, 64)

aristocracy /ˌærɪ'stɒkrəsɪ/ n. 贵族阶级，贵族

stranglehold /'stræŋɡlhəuld/ n. 扼制，压制，束缚

abolish /ə'bɒlɪʃ/ v. 废除，废止

obligation /ɒblɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 义务，职责

assembly /ə'semblɪ/ n. 集合，集会;装配，安装

overrule /əʊvə'ruːl/ v. 否决，驳回

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., (when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices) (by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.)(TPO40, 64)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C.

修饰一：(when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices) ，从句

中文：当他打破了贵族对于选举的束缚。

修饰二：(by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of whichall citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts incertain cases.)，介词短语

这个修饰成分比较复杂，介词后面接了三个并列的非谓语动词：

1：establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding

2：abolishing the economicobligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy

3：allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.

其中第3个非谓语动词中还有一个从句：

of which all citizens were equal members

三个并列的非谓语动词中文如下：

1：确定财富而不是出身作为任职的基础

2：废除了普通雅典民众对贵族的经济义务

3：并且允许大会(所有公民都是平等的成员)在一些情况下否决当地法院的决定

中文：他通过确定财富而不是出身作为任职的基础、废除了普通雅典民众对贵族的经济义务并且允许大会(所有公民都是平等的成员)在一些情况下否决当地法院的决定

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

改变的第一步是在公元前594年由Solon发起的，那时候他通过确定财富而不是出身作为任职的基础、废除了普通雅典民众对贵族的经济义务并且允许大会(所有公民都是平等的成员)在一些情况下否决当地法院的决定，打破了贵族对于选举的束缚。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。