托福考试阅读试题

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托福考试阅读冲刺1

Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude, and aspect, or attitude to the Sun. Florida's ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover. It does, however, sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot live where there is moisture or plant matter the soil. Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert. The only plant life it can sustain is the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its altitude is a mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major changes in its plant communities. Its aspect is flat direct, brutal — and subtropical.

Florida's surrounding lushness cannot impinge on its desert scrubbiness. This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either: shrubby little oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. "It appears," Said one early naturalist, "to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has passed and is passing". By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?

The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less than ten miles wide. It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels were higher and the rest of the peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its ecosystems essentially undisturbed since the Miocene era. As a result, it has gathered to itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only about 75 plant species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How geographers define a place

(B) The characteristics of Florida's ancient scrub

(D) The history of the Lake Wales Ridge

2. The author mentions all of the following factors that define a place EXCEPT

(A) aspect

(B) altitude

(D) life-forms

3. It can be inferred from the passage that soil composed of silica

(A) does not hold moisture

(B) is found only in Florida

(D) provides food for many kinds of lizards

4. The word "sustain" in line 6 is closets in meaning to

(A) select

(B) strain

(D) store

5. The author mentions the prickly pear (line 12) as an example of

(A) valuable fruit-bearing plants of the scrub area

(B) unattractive plant life of the scrub area

(D) plant life that is extremely rare

6. The author suggests that human standards of beauty are

(A) tolerant

(B) idealistic

(D) limited

7. The word "insignificant" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) unimportant

(B) undisturbed

(D) inappropriate

8. According to the passage , why is the Lake Wales Ridge valuable?

(A) It was originally submerged in the ocean.

(B) It is less than ten miles wide.

(D) It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged

9. The word "it" in line 21 refer to

(A) Florida

(B) the peninsula

(D) the Miocene era

10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) ancient scrub found in other areas of the country

(B) geographers who study Florida's scrub

(D) the unique plants found on the Lake Wales Ridge

参考答案：BDACB DADCD

托福考试阅读冲刺2

What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.

Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish — for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.

What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.

1. Which of the following questions does the passage primarily answer?

(A) How do individual ants adapt to specialized tasks?

(B) What are the differences between social and solitary insects?

(D) Why have ants been able to thrive for such a long time?

2. The word "unique" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) inherited

(B) habitual

(D) natural

3. The word "rotting" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) decaying

(B) collected

(D) cultivated

4. The word "key" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) uncommon

(B) important

(D) temporary

5. According to the passage , one thing eusocial insects can do is rapidly switch from

(A) one type of food consumption to another

(B) one environment to another

(D) a defensive to an offensive stance

6. The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in the passage to demonstrate

(A) the advantages of specialization

(B) the type of food that larvae are fed

(D) the different stages of ant development

7. The author uses the word "Hence" in line 16 to indicate

(A) a logical conclusion

(B) the next step in a senes of steps

(D) the relationship among ants

8. All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) eusocial (line 3)

(B) series-parallel sequence (line 13)

(D) predators (line 23)

9. The word "they" in line 25 refers to

(A) termites

(B) ants

(D) predators

10. It can be inferred from the passage that one main difference between termites and ants is that termites

(A) live above ground

(B) are eusocial

(D) eat almost no animal substances

参考答案：DCABC AACAD

托福考试阅读冲刺3

The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.

The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.

Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away from the true nest.

The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey. Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers

(B) How predators search for plovers

(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators

2. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) often

(B) only

(D) at first

3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?

(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.

(B) They are generally defenseless when away from their nests.

(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.

4. The word "emitting" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) bringing

(B) attracting

(D) minimizing

5. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2, the plover tries to

(A) stay close to her nest

(B) attract the predator's attention

(D) frighten the approaching predator

6. The word "spanning" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) covering

(B) selecting

(D) explaining

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance that it is frightened?

(A) Abnormal body position

(B) Irregular escape route

(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest

8. The word "pursue" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) catch

(B) notice

(D) chase

9. According to the passage , a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT

(A) appearing to be injured

(B) sounding like another animal

(D) pretending to sit on her eggs

10. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage ?

(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building

(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples

(D) A cause-and-effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator

参考答案：CBDCB ABDCB

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