盘点托福写作极易出现的小错误

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今天我们一起来盘点盘点托福写作极易出现的小错误,看看大家有没有踩雷,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。

托福写作极易出现的小错误

关于TOEFL写作相信大家都买了不少参考书,并且背诵了不少好段子,但是有的考生依旧作文不理想,究其原因在写作时可能不太在意,好了,让我们看看专家怎么评点TOEFL写作中的常见错误的,大家也要引以为戒,争取不犯类似错误。

1.结构不平行例:I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.当使用连词将一系列的单词联接起来的时候,应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。

2.不知所云例:Many companies began using computers mouth.

3.段落过长,不分段主语与动词一致问题She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主语和动词在数方面不一致。

4.句子别扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辞过长或不清。换言之,句子显得滑稽可笑。

5.不要使用缩写在正式的写作中不要使用缩写形式(can’t,don’t,it’s,we’ll,they’ve等等),而应当使用单词的完整理式(cannot,do not,it is,we will,they have等等)。

6.关联词语重复Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在该句的主要主语和主要动词前使用连词。

7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子没有主要主语或主要动词,因为其实它应是一个从句。这是一个非常常见的错误,修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。

8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式,意思也过于含糊,不适合用在正式的场合。应将get改为一个更加具体的单词,如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。

9.书写难以辨认信息不正确I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.传的信息不正确,或者让人听起来觉得可能不正确(如果确实是正确的,应当解释为什么这样,因为读者不认为是正确的)。上述例句中,all的意思是百分之百;我们不能绝对地说每一件新东西都是从美国诞生的。为保险起见,应当使用many或most。非英语单词Computers are very helpful and advantageable.尽管看起来象个单词,其实不是,至少不是个英文单词。使用这个单词的另一种形式。

10.介词多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示这种意思时此单词不能与介词连用。这种情况常见于downtown,home,there,here等词。这些词语在英语中是副词而非名词,因而不能在它们前面添加介词。

11.跑题或不相关There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.这个意思与okay for children to fail sometimes.所表达的意思很普通大多数人都已经知道到了,因而就没有必要再说出来。

12.标点问题I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.这是一个非常普遍的问题!许多学生在句子中使用了太多的句号,尤其是当他们用手写的时候。

13.重复冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一种意思的表述不止一次,或者某个词语不必要。

14.单数/复数Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.单词需要从单数变为复数,或者由复数变成单数。单数可数名词单数可数名词不能单独使用,应该将其变为复数形式或者加上限定词(a, the, my, his, her, Gary’s, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。

15.拼写错误主语、动词或宾语有问题I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本结构有问题 缺少主语、动词或宾语,或者这些成分重复。

16.语气与文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.语气与文章其他部分不相符可能是过于正式或者太不正式。

17.代词指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代词所指代的指示词(介词所代替的名词)不清楚。

18.过于笼统We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表达的意思过于笼统,不能提供多少信息。

19.动词时态错误Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.动词时态不正确检查一下是应该用现在时、过去时、将来时还是完成时等等。

20.选词不恰当I was late getting home because I lost my way.在这种情况下不应该使用该词可选择更好的词语或者所使用的词语与文章的总体语气不符。

21.单词形式不当I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的单词的形式不正确检查一下应该使用该词的名词、形容词或副词形式的哪一种。

22.用词错误Even I don’t speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation.用词错误或在此种情况下该词不是最佳用词。

以上是列举出的TOEFL写作中需要避免的22个错误,希望大家引以为戒,在备考TOEFL写作时加以练习,反复检查更改,尽量把问题当时找出来并能在没有语法用句错误的前提下为自己的文章“添肉”,这里的“添肉”指的是打好基础了就可以用些经典句来添彩

托福写作辅导:避免错误得高分

1.结构不平行例:I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.当使用连词将一系列的单词联接起来的时候,应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。

2.不知所云例:Many companies began using computers mouth.

3.段落过长,不分段主语与动词一致问题She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主语和动词在数方面不一致。

4.句子别扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辞过长或不清。换言之,句子显得滑稽可笑。

5.不要使用缩写在正式的写作中不要使用缩写形式(can’t,don’t,it’s,we’ll,they’ve等等),而应当使用单词的完整理式(cannot,do not,it is,we will,they have等等)。

6.关联词语重复Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在该句的主要主语和主要动词前使用连词。

7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子没有主要主语或主要动词,因为其实它应是一个从句。这是一个非常常见的错误,修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。

8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式,意思也过于含糊,不适合用在正式的场合。应将get改为一个更加具体的单词,如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。

9.书写难以辨认信息不正确I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.传的信息不正确,或者让人听起来觉得可能不正确(如果确实是正确的,应当解释为什么这样,因为读者不认为是正确的)。上述例句中,all的意思是百分之百;我们不能绝对地说每一件新东西都是从美国诞生的。为保险起见,应当使用many或most。非英语单词Computers are very helpful and advantageable.尽管看起来象个单词,其实不是,至少不是个英文单词。使用这个单词的另一种形式。

10.介词多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示这种意思时此单词不能与介词连用。这种情况常见于downtown,home,there,here等词。这些词语在英语中是副词而非名词,因而不能在它们前面添加介词。

11.跑题或不相关There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.这个意思与okay for children to fail sometimes.所表达的意思很普通大多数人都已经知道到了,因而就没有必要再说出来。

12.标点问题I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.这是一个非常普遍的问题!许多学生在句子中使用了太多的句号,尤其是当他们用手写的时候。

13.重复冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一种意思的表述不止一次,或者某个词语不必要。

14.单数/复数Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.单词需要从单数变为复数,或者由复数变成单数。单数可数名词单数可数名词不能单独使用,应该将其变为复数形式或者加上限定词(a, the, my, his, her, Gary’s, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。

15.拼写错误主语、动词或宾语有问题I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本结构有问题 缺少主语、动词或宾语,或者这些成分重复。

16.语气与文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.语气与文章其他部分不相符可能是过于正式或者太不正式。

17.代词指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代词所指代的指示词(介词所代替的名词)不清楚。

18.过于笼统We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表达的意思过于笼统,不能提供多少信息。

19.动词时态错误Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.动词时态不正确检查一下是应该用现在时、过去时、将来时还是完成时等等。

20.选词不恰当I was late getting home because I lost my way.在这种情况下不应该使用该词可选择更好的词语或者所使用的词语与文章的总体语气不符。

21.单词形式不当I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的单词的形式不正确检查一下应该使用该词的名词、形容词或副词形式的哪一种。

22.用词错误Even I don’t speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation.用词错误或在此种情况下该词不是最佳用词。

托福写作中如何更好添加例子

在备考托福写作的过程中,不少拿不到写作高分的中国学生遇到的问题不是看不懂题目,也不是想不到理由,甚至也不是写不到300字(有学生写了470字,却只得了fair),而是不会论证。"不会论证"这四个字几乎就是托福写作的死穴。ETS的考官们在OG中反复强调fully developed的重要性,说的也就是这个理儿。论证的主要方法有直接论证、举例子、引用他人观点和数据等等。在这里,最适合中国学生操作,也是最容易得高分的就是举例子了。

然而,举例子这个方法向来不为中国学生所重视。因为对于大多数学生来说,举例子实在是太容易不过了,只要写上for example之类的提示词,再写上人尽皆知的诸如Einstein, Newton之类的例子就万事大吉了。而事实上,这样的例子考官早已经看过成百上千遍了,怎么可能再给高分呢?

因此,要想举出高分的例子,最好是写两种例子:

1)美国人所熟知的历史、文化的例子,但一定要有一些新意,不是讲烂了的Galileo, Mother Teresa之流

2)讲自己身边的故事。

若是考生能够选用第一种例子,用得恰当的话自然能让考官眼前为之一亮。例如在讨论媒体对人们的影响时,选用美国人所熟知的脱口秀女王Oprah Winfrey作为例子。或是在讨论学生是否都应该学习历史的时候,选用美国历史上知名的总统,如Thomas Jefferson, Herbert Hoover等进行论证都非常好。这样做既进行了有效论证,又不落入俗套。然而,举这类例子对于考生考前的积累要求比较高。如果距离考试还有三个月或以上的时间,我建议考生可以在考前多准备一些类似的人物或事件的例子,以备考试之用。在这里,推荐给大家几个参考的网站:维基百科www.wikipedia.org/,纽约时报 www.nytimes.com/, 华尔街日报 online.wsj.com/ 和 American thinker www.americanthinker.com/ 这些都是很好的收集素材的网站。

对于大多数备考时间比较紧的考生来说,花大量的时间去准备第一种例子显得有些不太划算。因此,性价比比较高的第二种例子更适合于备考时间比较短的考生。托福考试仅仅是语言能力考试,只要能用恰当的例子论述清楚问题就可以,因此用自己或身边人的例子对于考官来说也有很大的说服力。

有的考生仍然会问,那我身边没有那么多的例子可以用怎么办?这个时候,对待ETS的考官就不能这么"死心眼"了,就要学会"编例子"。但是"编例子"也要有技巧,也要让考官信服,绝非信口胡编。在这里介绍三个小技巧,帮助你把例子编得更生动。

1) 加上姓名、时间、地点等

很多中国学生在写例子的时候会使用"比如说有一个人……"这样的表达。这样的表达看起来底气不足,且中式思维严重,很难受到考官青睐。考生完全可以改用另外的表达"我有一个朋友叫Jason,他在两年前做了.事……"这样写就看起来舒服多了。在叙述个人类例子的时候,尽量使用具体的人名、地名和时间。这样能使你的例子看上去更丰满、富有细节,也更像真实的事件,有说服力。

2) 与论点结合,写出.之前和.之后的变化

需要特别注意的是,例子一定是为论证服务的,绝不能脱离主题举例子。有的考生非常心醉于自己编出来的故事,但是却忘了自己在写托福作文,这个故事并不能证明你的观点,那这样的文章得不到高分一点也不奇怪。

这里的.指的是论点中的主题词。例如在写机经中的一个题目:公共交通是否应该免费时,有一个分论点是公共交通免费以后,私家车会减少,这样尾气排放得少了,环境也就变好了。这里的主题词就是私家车的数量,例子就可以写成N年前私家车很少,环境很好,然后私家车变多以后,环境就变差了。例子可写成:

10 years ago, in my childhood memory, the city which I live in now is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever seen. The blue sky and the clean water were quite impressive to me. However, 3 years ago, when I came back to this city again, I was astonished by those changes. The city developed rapidly during those days.There are far more private cars than years ago on the road every day. On average, every household has one or two cars. The city may be described as "developed" now,while the sky here is never as clear as ever.

这个例子当中所用的词汇、句型基本都是中学所学过的。但是其中用到了我们刚才所谈的第一个技巧,加上了时间细节,也用到了第二个技巧,扣紧了主题,说明了有私家车变多之前和之后的变化。这个例子看上去文采平实,但却符合托福考试的评分规范,单就这个例子而言,就是可以得到4~5分的高分的(满分5分)。

3) 写完例子以后,一定要再结合论点论证说理

这一点不难理解,却是很多考生所忽视的。再强调一遍,例子的存在是为了更好地论证论点,因此在写完例子以后,需要再加上至少1~2句话重申一下你的论点。例如上文中出现的例子,写完之后,还应再加上If the amount of the cars can be reduced, I believe it will further improve the environment here, and be beneficial to all the citizens here as well. And The free payment of pubic transportation will make this come true.这样就是一个完整的论述段了。

以上三个小技巧可以帮助考生在短期备考之后就写出一篇内容充实、论证有力的托福作文。但是,不能忘记的是,任何技巧都是要通过至少练习5遍以上才能运用纯熟的。所以,想拿托福写作的高分,多多练习才是王道。

托福写作地道表达之名词化

新托福考试作为国外类考试,其写作部分的用词地道的重要性毋庸置疑。然而,由于历史、地理和社会的原因,英民族更注重抽象思维,他们擅长用抽象的概念来表达具体的事物。他们认为通过名词化可以产生大量抽象概念,满足英语表达抽象概念的需要。因此,擅用名词化不仅体现了写作水平,更是一种思维方式。曾经一个针对中国几所顶尖大学的优秀作文的调查显示,20篇优秀作文中名词化的使用频率为7%-8%,而普通习作的使用频率仅为5%-6%。与此同时,选用了20 篇英语国家学生的英语作文,同样的方法统计出其名词化的使用频率为10%-15%。有人更是戏说道,老外眼中句子分为3个档次,最差的是主动句,较好的是被动句,倒装句等,最好的nominalization(名词化)的句子,这样的句子最学术最适合写论文。那么面对这样的差异,我们需要重新审视我们写作中的思维方式,做到如何恰到好处又不“画蛇添足”。

简单说,名词化即是动词或形容词被用作名词的现象。比如动词转成名词:discovery->discovery, move->movement, refuse->refusal,又比如形容词转成名词:careless->carelessness, difficult->difficulty, intense->intensity。那么什么情况下,我们需要进行名词化呢?

A 谓语动词的宾语部分

原句:I do not know either what she meant or what he intends.

名词化:I do not know either her meaning or his intentions.

B 结合被动形式

原句:If people decide without enough persuasive information,...

名词化:If a decision is made without enough persuasive information,...

C 取代诸如从句中“the fact that”的用法

原句:The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury.

名词化:My denial of his accusations impressed the jury.

更好的名词化:a. When I denied his accusations, I impressed the jury.

b. In denying his accusations, I impressed the jury.

D 名词化部分用在there is/are的后面

原句:We demand that the government stop taxing entertainment.

名词化:There is a demand for an end to taxation on entertainment.

原句:The floods considerably eroded the land.

名词化:There was considerable erosion of the land from the floods.

然而,有些时候,在我们的思维方式中认为理所应当使用“名词化”时,老外认为是没有必要的。比如:

A 名词化部分跟在动词后面

原句(名词化“冗余”):The police conducted an investigation into the matter.

改后:The police investigated the matter.

B 名词化部分作为主语

原句:Our discussion is concerned with a tax cut.

改后:We discussed a tax cut.

C 连续进行名词化

原句:a. First, she reviewed the evolution of the dorsal fin.

b. There was a first a review of the evolution of the dorsal fin.

改后:First,she reviewed how the dorsal fin evolved.

D 连接部分名词化

原句:Their cessation of hostilities was because of their personnel losses.

改后:They ceased hostilities because they lost personnel.

原句:The instability of the motor housing did not preclude the completion of the field trials.

改后:Even though the motor housing was unstable, the research staff completed the field trials.

以上这些情况是我们中国学生很常见的名词化缺失或名词化滥用的例子。对于新托福写作来说,在保证基本的语言语法不出错的基础上,如果能更多地正确使用名词化,文章不但更地道,也更易取得高分。当然,熟练掌握名词化不是一蹴而就的事情,平时需要多积累,多运用。

托福写作批改指导:怎么用词最霸道

英文写作反映考生综合运用英语语言的能力,只有在宏观和微观两个方面都把握得当才能构成一篇完美的TOEFL作文。这里的宏观是就一篇文章的框架结构而言的,而微观是指一篇文章的语篇要素,即文章中表达意义的微观单位,包括单词、短语和句子。语篇要素运用的纯熟,能很好地反映一个人的语言修养,准确的用词、多样化的句式结构以及精妙得体的修辞会使整篇文章熠熠生辉,极富感染力。TOEFL作文考试作为一种语言测试方式,其重点在于考查考生的英语语言水平,对语篇要素的把握在写作TOEFL作文的过程当中无疑是至关重要的。熟练恰当地运用语篇要素会令你的作文妙笔生花,卓尔不群。

语词的选择

写作中用词不准确是很容易犯的毛病,good,terrible,see,nice,kind,greatly,think,know,something等词汇在学生作文中反复出现。这些词本身并没有问题,是英语常用词,但是它们表达的意思过于模糊,很多情况下,应该使用意义更加准确的词。况且,学生老是使用这几个词会给人以表达形式单调,词汇量贫乏,文章缺乏感染力的印象。下面的一些例子,通过换用一、两个准确生动的词语或是运用一些固定搭配及习语就使整个句子增色不少。

1.Original: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be kind.

Revised: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be considerate.

亮点评析

add,kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。add可以指数量上的增加,也可以指程度的加强,对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思,用enrich会使表达更准确。kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”,用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样,原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点,要准确表达这个含义应选择considerate。

2. Original: Science and technology have greatly influenced our lives and our society is changing very rapidly.

Revised: Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives and, as a result, society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.

亮点评析

greatly,rapidly属于常用词,表示程度高、速度快,这样的词在表达效果上不够具体,缺乏说服力,在修改后的句子中用了pervade every aspect of our lives就具体生动地表现出科技的影响力到底有多大,其影响力已渗透到我们生活的方方面面,at a speed which is quite unprecedented意为“以一种前所未有的速度”,形象地道出了变化速度之快。

3. Original: Young people tend to think that real life is as nice and interesting as it is in the novels and movies, while more experienced adults think this kind of naive daydream will only be destroyed by later experiences and every one should learn to get used to common everyday life.

Revised: Young people tend to think that real life is as dramatic and fascinating as it is in the novels and movies, while more experienced adults think this kind of naive daydream will only be destroyed by later experiences and every one should learn to get used to tedious everyday life.

亮点评析

nice,interesting,common都属于普通词汇,用到句子中也显得平淡苍白。nice的意思是“好的,令人愉快的”,interesting是“有趣的”,这两个词都不能准确地描绘出年轻人所憧憬的美好生活,句中想表达的是年轻人认为生活如同小说、电影一般充满戏剧变化,激动人心,要体现这层含义应该用dramatic,fascinating。dramatic表示“刺激的,戏剧性的,给人深刻印象的”,fascinating表示“具有强烈吸引力的,迷人的,使人神魂颠倒的”,这两个词的程度要比nice,interesting深得多,表现力也更强。原句用common表达实际的现实生活的枯燥无味是不准确的,common的意思是“普通的,平常的”,普通平常的东西不一定是枯燥的,tedious是表示“(因过长、过慢或单调)令人厌倦的,烦人的”,恰好传达出现实生活由于琐碎和重复而变得索然无味这种含义。

4. Original: You should compete to live in this society.

Revised: You should compete for survival; otherwise, you will be thrown out of the tide of society.

亮点评析

原句平平淡淡,只是告诉人们要在社会立足,必须竞争,但这样一句简单的劝告似乎缺乏说服力,修改后的句子用了compete for survival,为了生存而竞争,而且后面又添加了一个并列分句,补充说明了如果不compete的后果就是be thrown out of the tide of society,被社会的浪潮所淘汰,使用这些更加具体深刻的词汇能够形象生动地表现出竞争的惨烈。

5.Original: I really believe that smoking is harmful to people’s health.

Revised: I have a profound conviction that smoking is harmful to people’s health.

亮点评析

conviction的意思是“坚定的看法或信仰”,have a profound conclusion表示对某种看法深信不疑,作文中提出观点的句子用have a profound conclusion会比用believe态度更坚决,立场更鲜明,而且believe这个词非常简单,是英语初学者就应掌握的词汇,换成have a profound conclusion立即增加了句子的复杂程度,体现了较强的语言运用能力。类似的提出观点的表达还有:

I hold a point of view that…

I hold the opinion that…

6.Original: We know that sometimes success is measured by how much money you earn.

Revised: It does not surprise us to discover that sometimes success is measured in terms of the money you earn.

亮点评析

如上句的believe一样,know也是非常初级的词汇,作文中出现I believe that…,I know that…这样的表达只能体现考生写作技巧的稚嫩,用It does not surprise us to discover that…替换We know that…并没有改变原句的含义,却使全句顿时增添了亮点。

7.Original: We all know that most factories would be of no use if there were not clean water supply.

Revised: It goes without saying that most factories would be of no use if there were not clean water supply.

亮点评析

同上例一样,know这样的初级词汇应避免在作文中使用,It goes without saying that…是一个固定结构,意思是“……是不言而喻的”,常在作文中用来引经据典或表明一个尽人皆知的道理,类似的表达还有:

An old saying goes that…

Proverb goes that…

It is universally acknowledged that…

It is generally accepted that…

8.Original: Some other people think that people should read extensively.

Revised: Another position says that people should read extensively.

亮点评析

同know,believe一样,think也应该尽量避免使用,修改后的句子中是用Another position says that…代替think提出另一种观点,也可以用hold a point of view,hold the opinion这样的短语替换。

9.Original: The unexpected win of the match give us confidence.

Revised: The unexpected win of the match boost our confidence.

亮点评析

give也属于英语中最初级、最基本的词汇,只表示“给,给予”这个动作,不涉及动作的性质和状态,若表示增添信心,增强士气,比较地道的说法是用boost confidence/morale,如:The change of management has boosted morale throughout the company. 管理模式的改变使整个公司上下士气倍受鼓舞。

10.Original: The use of drugs has increased greatly in the last ten years.

Revised: The use of drugs has increased significantly in the last ten years.

亮点评析

greatly是一般用语,表示程度高,“很,非常”,使用相当普遍而没有新意,在写作中应尽量避免使用这些通俗而又陈旧的词汇,应换用一些更加正式,更有说服力的词语,例如significantly表示达到了非常重要的或可观的程度,“重大的,可观的”,能够具体说明药品使用方面,增长幅度巨大。significantly还可以替换成considerably,tremendously等,同样具有不错的表达效果。

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