2016年托福写作真题及解析

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2016年托福阅读真题及解析1

托福阅读第一篇 欧洲人口增加

原文回顾：欧洲经济发展相关，工业化和食物的增长促进了人口的增长。高速城市化：人们开始从乡下往城镇转移，因此带来了工作，生活资料等一系列的变化。细节讲到了熟练工和普通人的区别，考了两个题。最后讲到了人口的增加导致人均工资下降的问题。

学习：

After a century of virtually no population growth, the countries of Western Europe experienced dramatic population increases between 1750 and 1800. Many countries doubled in size. In some countries, the growth continued through the nineteenth century. The population of Great Britain, for instance, doubled between 1750 and 1800 and then tripled between 1800 and 1900.

There were several reasons for the sudden increase. Medical advances and improved hygiene limited the devastation caused by epidemic diseases and plagues. The introduction of new food crops, most notably the potato, provided a better diet for the poor and reduced the incidence of famine. The combination of greater public order and fewer civil wars meant that life was less hazardous. The net result was a lower death rate and soaring populations.

The growing population, with a rising proportion of children to raise and older people to care for, put increased pressure on every aspect of society. Many peasants were no longer able to provide land for their children, who were forced to look for other ways to make their living. Small artisans in the cities suffered similar problems, unable to provide places for their children in their own workshops.

The exact relationship between population growth and industrialization is unclear, though the two are clearly intertwined. (Even countries that were late to industrialize shared in the general population increase, and its related problems.) What is clear is that the growth in population increased the demand for both food and manufactured goods and provided an abundance of cheap labor to produce them.

托福阅读第二篇 非洲铁技术的发展

原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术之后的发展和改变。注意这篇阅读有地图。

学习：

(1)The African Iron Age is traditionally considered that period in Africa between the second century AD up to about 1000 AD, when iron smelting was practiced. In Africa, unlike the Europe and Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but rather all the metals were brought together. The advantages of iron over stone are obvious--iron is much more efficient at cutting trees or quarrying stone than stone tools. But iron smelting technology is a smelly, dangerous one. This brief essay covers Iron Age up to the end of the first millennium AD.

Pre-Industrial Iron Ore Technology

To work iron, one must extract the ore from the ground and break it into pieces, then heat the pieces to a temperature of at least 1100 degrees centigrade under controlled conditions.

African Iron Age people built a cylindrical clay furnace and used charcoal and a hand-operated bellows to reach the level of heating for smelting. Once smelted, the metal was separated from its waste products or slag, and then brought to its shape by repeated hammering and heating, called forging.

African Iron Age Lifeways

From the 2nd century AD to about 1000 AD, the Chifumbaze spread iron throughout the largest portion of Africa, eastern and southern Africa. The Chifumbaze were farmers of squash, beans, sorghum and millet, and kept cattle, sheep, goats and chickens.

They built hill top settlements, at Bosutswe, large villages like Schroda, and large monumental sites like Great Zimbabwe. Gold, ivory, and glass bead working and trade was part of many of the societies. Many spoke a form of Bantu; many forms of geometric and schematic rock art are found throughout south and eastern Africa.

(2)In Africa, where there was no continent-wide universal Bronze Age, the use of iron succeeded immediately the use of stone.[14] Metallurgy was characterized by the absence of a Bronze Age, and the transition from "stone to steel" in tool substances. Sub-Saharan Africa has produced very early instances of carbon steel found to be in production around 2000 years ago in northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles. Nubia was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a sustained Bronze Age along with Egypt and much of the rest of North Africa. The Meroitic script was developed in the Napatan Period (c. 700–300 BC).

Iron Age finds in East and Southern Africa, corresponding to the early 1st millennium Bantu expansion.

托福阅读第三篇 美国铁路的发展和影响

原文回顾：说的是讲美国铁路发展和影响，先说了铁路给人们带来了很多好处，后面还说铁路比其他交通工具更为广泛。然后大概说17世纪的几个铁路说明跨越疆域的时间变得有多短。然后分别写旅游和经济的影响。原来一个洲到另一个洲要好久，现在时间缩短了很多。这一篇词汇题考的比较多，其中有词汇题quantify，很多人可以有personal travel。还有一个问题问的是对当地居民的影响，说他们可以种更加适合气候的庄稼，因为交通的便捷。

学习：

Early American Railroads

In 1869, a golden spike linked the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah.

The development of BB#00081900RAILROADS was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation, construction and operation, they brought profound social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the country.

The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man named BB#00081901GEORGE STEPHENSON successfully applied the steam technology of the day and created the world's first successful locomotive. The first engines used in the United States were purchased from the BB#00081902STEPHENSON WORKS in England. Even rails were largely imported from England until the Civil War. Americans who had visited England to see new BB#00081903STEAM LOCOMOTIVES were impressed that railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage by 60-70%.

This stereograph of the Central Pacific Railroad would have appeared three-dimensional when viewed through special glasses.

Baltimore, the third largest city in the nation in 1827, had not invested in a canal. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New York and soon recognized that the development of a railway could make the city more competitive with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and goods to the West. The result was the BB#00081904BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, the first railroad chartered in the United States. There were great parades on the day the construction started. On July 4, 1828, the first spadesful of earth were turned over by the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, 91-year-old BB#00081905 CHARLES CARROLL.

New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the BB#00081906 SOUTH CAROLINA CANAL AND RAIL-ROAD COMPANY was formed to draw trade from the interior of the state. It had a steam locomotive built at the West Point Foundry in New York City, called BB#00081907THE BEST FRIEND OF CHARLESTON, the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the United States. A year later, the Mohawk & Hudson railroad reduced a 40-mile wandering canal trip that took all day to accomplish to a 17-mile trip that took less than an hour. Its first steam engine was named the DeWitt Clinton after the builder of the Erie Canal.

Although the first railroads were successful, attempts to finance new ones originally failed as opposition was mounted by turnpike operators, canal companies, stagecoach companies and those who drove wagons. Opposition was mounted, in many cases, by tavern owners and innkeepers whose businesses were threatened. Sometimes opposition turned to violence. Religious leaders decried trains as sacrilegious. But the economic benefits of the railroad soon won over the skeptics.

Shares were sold to fund the construction of the B&O Railroad. In only 12 days, the company had raised over $4,000,000.

Perhaps the greatest physical feat of 19th century America was the creation of the BB#00081908 TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. Two railroads, the BB#00081909CENTRAL PACIFIC starting in San Francisco and a new railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, would build the rail-line. Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the BB#00081910UNION PACIFIC and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at BB#00081911PROMONTORY, UTAH, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, golden spike into the completed railway.

2016年托福听力真题及解析

托福听力 Conversation 1

一个女生上了professor的课之后发现原来童话挺复杂的而且有别的含义。然后她开始问怎么写童话故事的assignment，她觉得跟着传统写法很奇怪，教授让她还是要根据童话故事的element写，但是detail可以不同，举了hero的例子，这里出题了。最后那个女生问教授关于 setting，时间的问题，然后这里也有出题。

Lecture 1

讲的是sculpture，主要讲一个艺术家怎么样unconventional方法去创造那个雕塑，那个雕塑有一些地方不成比例的大，这里有出题。后面也讲到，其实他创造的方法里面也有typical的方法。

Lecture 2

主要讲了果蝇怎么用眼睛探测magnetic field，先讲了做个实验，有不同的变量，这里有出题问。但是光是必须的。后来进一步说因为果蝇眼睛里有一种c的物质，让他们可以sense磁场。

托福听力 Conversation 2

停车的通行证问老师，然后就说没地方停车?然后那个人就说可能是因为有一个展览，而且那个地方本来就是个停车的火爆区域，然后建议女生步行。然后女生就说她有一个课不方便，然后那个人说你可以坐学校的免费SHUTTLE BUS,然后可以给你refund你的卡钱，但是因为没有卡了在哪也不能停，这个学生又提出了一些问题，好像是会影响她周末干嘛，然后她决定还是去继续找 PARKING的地方，找不到再去。

Lecture 3

讲的是古代的一种disc上面画着星星月亮太阳的图案，但是图案的形状和月相和自然中的事实是不一致的，因为月亮的阳面应该对着太阳，而disc上的阴面对着太阳(有出题)，所以怀疑这个disc和calendar有关，后来一直都在讲这个和calendar的关系，一种一个是七颗星星组成的图案，被猜想可能是代表的什么pleiades，古代人一般使用的是阴历，通常和公历有一定的误差，所以需要补一个月使他们的calendar和solar calendar保持一致，因此他们利用这个disc对着天空，根据星团和月亮的位置来判断第13个月开始的日期(有出题)，后来在巴比伦也发现了类似的图案，怀疑可能与宗教有关(有出题)。

Lecture 4

冰河世纪的新仙女木时间(yd)，气温在百年内忽然升降，可能是大洋中的fresh water的增加导致了影响。突然的降温使得迁移到高纬度地区的动植物大批死亡。

2016年托福口语真题及解析

托福独立口语Task 1： talk about the advantages of moving to a new place to study or work.在一个新地方学习工作的优点

Task 1参考答案：

In my opinion, moving to a new place to study or work has the following advantages: first, you have more chances to get to know new and interesting people, which helps to expand your social circle and give you more opportunity to make new friends; for example, I met my best friend Linda, after I was transferred to a new senior high school in a new city. Second, you are also more likely to be exposed to a new local culture, experiencing totally different life-style or cultural values, which might be totally surprising and fascinating.

托福独立口语Task 2： do you agree or disagree that students should learn to draw or paint

Task 2参考答案：

I agree with the statement, coz first, they offers students a good way to release pressure; nowadays students are under a huge amount of school work pressure, like we have to take classes almost 8 hours, and deal with endless exam and class assignments; painting or drawing definitely offers a good way to blow off steam or unwind; also, it helps students to enhance artistic taste and offer the needed inspirations, like sometimes when I am stuck in math, a short period of immersion in painting will refresh my mind and help me to crack the problem.

2016年托福写作真题及解析

托福写作真题回顾

A/D: It is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours.

名师点睛

题目大意：人们应该阅读或收看与自己观点不同的人呈现的新闻而不是接收与自己观点一致的人呈现的消息。 题目的核心是“是否要听取与自己观点相悖的人提供的信息”，有些许抽象，波波建议选择同意，即认为应该去获取与自己观点不同的人呈现的消息。理由如下：1.有助于获取全面的信息 2.有助于结交更多的朋友

托福写作参考范文

开头段：

With the increasingly diverse means of acquiring information, it has become a common phenonmen that we are exposed to conflicting ideas about a single event, which has aroused deep social concern. A growing boday of average people are wondering whether it is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours. From my pesepective, it is advisable to be a good listener to the different viewpoints.

中间段：

主题句1：可以获得最全面的信息。

解释：任何一个新闻和事件都不是看上去那么简单。所以每个人受限于自己的知识和经验都无法全面了解一个事情的真相。因此，如果能够读到持有不同观点人带来的信息，可以让我们重新思考自己的观点，从而形成更加正确全面的认识。相反，如果一个人只是片面地有选择性的听取与自己趋同的观点，自己的眼界会变得狭隘。

Firstlly, receiving news presented by people with dissenting perspective can help people have access to the comprehensive information and get closer to the truth of the events. As is common sense, every single event or piece of news is not as simple as we expect. So it is an indisputable fact that nobody can have a panoramic view of the truth of the incidents due to the limited experience and knowledge span. In this case, gaining news from our opponents will definitely deliver a brandnew perspective and make us have a second thought of our own viewpoint. In other words, the clashes of different views will temper and refine our opinion about the events, with the result that a whole picture is formed. On the contrary, just selectively listening to the similar ideas, people will become narrow-minded.

主题句2：可以交到更多的朋友。

解释：能够听取不同的声音反映出一个人具有极大的包容性和谦逊，这些品质会给别人留下好的印象。因此，会有更大的可能性和持有相反观点的人成为朋友。相反，如果一个人只能接受己方观点，他会逐渐变得以自我为中心，不太会考虑别人的感受，从而无法和观点向左的人建立友谊，甚至已经建立好的友谊也会因此而破裂。

Besides that, another potential benefit of obtaining news from those with opposite view is the higher likelihood to make acquaitance with more people. As is known to all, the way person responds to someone whose opinion differs drastically from theirs reveals their true character. To be specific, being tolerant of different voices about one thing reflects that a person is endowed with the quality of inclusiveness and humbility, which can make him/her leave a good impression on others. Consequently, no one, including those from opposing party, will refuse to become friends with humble and inclusive ones. Instead, those solely accepting same opinion are usually self-centered and arrogant so that they not consider others’ thought or feeling but impose their own opinion. Thus it is unlikely that they will build friendship with those with different ideas. Even worse, the alreadly established friendship may also end, once the disagreements occur.

结尾段

In a nutshell, it is sensible for people to read or watch news from people with dissenting perspective, in order to gain the whole picture of the news and enlarge the social network.

托福写作题目： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is more important to read or watch the news presented by people who have the similar view than the news presented by those who have different views from you.

托福写作范文： With advent of new technological gadgets, like laptop, tablet and smart phones, people now have access to all sorts of news sources. In face of the overwhelming news sources, some people tend to watch news that present similar ideas with them, while other prefer to watch news with different perspectives and ideas. I, personally, think it is far better to watch news with distinctive opinions and viewpoints based on the following reasons.

First off, news from various sources are biased and it is quite irrational to read or watch news from a single source, actually it makes better sense to be exposed to news that provide different kinds of ideas. Even though it is very essential for news media to be fair and unbiased, nonetheless, in reality, most of the news media are biased and prejudiced. Part of the reasons is that the news sources can be various, like the government, independent institutions or even think tanks. Lots of media or news agencies use phrases like "expert believes", "most people agree" or "observes argue that", all of which are pretty much biased since "most people" is a slippery word. The people might not represent the majority of the people and lack of diversity in terms of race, gender and other demographic factors.

Additionally, being exposed to news with distinctive opinions and ideas can help people to develop critical thinking skills and thus have a fair and more justified stance on certain issues. People varying in past life experience, education background and economic conditions tend to have totally different opinions on certain issues. Having access to different ideas can broaden people's horizons and enrich one's experience. For instance, I took it for granted that every child at an appropriate age has the chance to go to primary school until I watched a documentary about the elementary school enrolment in the poverty-stricken region in my country. Their family can barely feed them and the local government has little educational resource to provide them proper education. This documentary totally changed my perspective on the primary school enrolment in hinterland.

In all, exposure to news with different perspectives has lot of benefits since news sources are generally biased, and by watching news with different opinions we can have a much more fair and clear view. (Words：381, By Meng, Yan WECHAT: KICKASSTOEFL)

2016年托福真题写作回忆

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Taking a lot of time to make an important decision is often considered as a bad quality for a person. However, some people think that it is a good quality for a person\

范文：

In the lecture, the professor refutes against the view raised in the reading that algae fuel is problematic, and he think it is very feasible.

Firstly, the reading holds that the planting of algae wastes farmland and usable water, which may lead to food shortage. However, the professor refutes that Algae are very adaptive and can survive anywhere. They can even grow in dirty water and unfertile land. They will not compete with the crops for the growing land.

Secondly, the reading claims that equipment for extracting oil from algae is expensive. But the professor disagrees with this by suggesting that the growing speed of algae is very fast, almost 20 times of that of the corn. They can be gathered every week, which means the cost can be quickly compensated.

Finally, in the reading passage, it indicates that algae require a large amount of carbon dioxide provided by farmer intentionally to grow. When the unused carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it is detrimental to the environment. In contrast, the professor holds that carbon dioxide can be gathered from factories, which in turn tackles the problem of waste gas emission and alleviate the environmental problem.

In the lecture, the professor refutes against the view raised in the reading that algae fuel is problematic, and he think it is very feasible.

Firstly, the reading holds that the planting of algae wastes farmland and usable water, which may lead to food shortage. However, the professor refutes that Algae are very adaptive and can survive anywhere. They can even grow in dirty water and unfertile land. They will not compete with the crops for the growing land.

Secondly, the reading claims that equipment for extracting oil from algae is expensive. But the professor disagrees with this by suggesting that the growing speed of algae is very fast, almost 20 times of that of the corn. They can be gathered every week, which means the cost can be quickly compensated.

Finally, in the reading passage, it indicates that algae require a large amount of carbon dioxide provided by farmer intentionally to grow. When the unused carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it is detrimental to the environment. In contrast, the professor holds that carbon dioxide can be gathered from factories, which in turn tackles the problem of waste gas emission and alleviate the environmental problem. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Taking a lot of time to make an important decision is often considered as a bad quality for a person. However, some people think that it is a good quality for a person.